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What is Cannabis?

Introduction

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the Cannabaceae family that has been used by humans for thousands of years. Historically, different parts of the plant served various purposes: the fibrous stalks (hemp) were woven into textiles and ropes, seeds were consumed as a nutritional food source, and the flowers and leaves were employed for medicinal, spiritual, and recreational reasons. Early evidence of cannabis cultivation and use comes from regions such as ancient China, where it was noted in pharmacopeias and utilized in traditional medicines.


When we talk about cannabis today, we’re often referring to the flowers and products made from them. What makes cannabis particularly unique are its cannabinoids, natural compounds that interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system—a network of receptors that helps regulate things like mood, pain sensation, and immune response. Over 100 different cannabinoids have been identified in the cannabis plant, but two stand out:

  • THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. This is what creates the “high” that many people experience, but it may also have therapeutic effects such as pain relief and appetite stimulation.

  • CBD (Cannabidiol): A non-intoxicating compound studied for its potential to help with issues like inflammation, anxiety, and seizures. CBD doesn’t produce the same high as THC, making it a popular choice for those seeking relief without strong mind-altering effects.


A Brief History of Traditional Use

Cannabis has a long and multifaceted history. Some of the earliest records date back to around 2700 BCE in ancient China, where it was mentioned in medical texts for its ability to alleviate pain and treat various ailments. From there, its use spread to India, where it played a role in Ayurvedic healing practices and religious ceremonies, and then through the Middle East into Africa and Europe. Each culture leveraged the plant in different ways: as a medicinal herb, a spiritual aid, or even as a basis for commerce and trade.


By the time cannabis reached the Western world in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was included in some pharmaceutical formulations for pain, nausea, and sleep. However, shifting legal and cultural attitudes led to prohibition in many regions. In recent decades, renewed scientific interest has sparked a resurgence in medical cannabis use, driving research into how these ancient applications might benefit modern patients.


Today, cannabis is recognized by many for its potential therapeutic properties. Scientists and healthcare professionals continue to investigate how cannabinoids and other compounds in the plant might help manage conditions ranging from chronic pain to epilepsy to anxiety disorders. This renewed interest not only builds upon thousands of years of practical use but also highlights the complexity and versatility of this remarkable plant.

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